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Tokyo is Japan's
capital and the country's largest city.
Every description of Tokyo
suffers from the speed at which this superlative metropolis unintentionally
surpasses itself. Whereas yesterday twelve million people were living on
828 square miles (2,145 squared km), today it is possibly already fourteen
million. Whereas the Sunshine City skyscraper with its 787 feet (240 m)
was until recently the tallest concrete building, a short time later the
twin towers of the New City Hall have achieved a further 10 feet (3m).
And if it is rumbling more than usual in the Tokyo underground, this can
just as suddenly completely change.
Earthquakes and conflagrations
have contributed to the fact that in the Japanese metropolis there is nothing
that could be called an historic old city. No longer any trace of the dwellings
of early twelfth century aristocratic settlers. No shops from the eighteenth
century when Tokyo was still known as Edo, but already had a million inhabitants.
Everything burnt down, collapsed, was pulled down or built over long ago.
In 1923 140, 000 people, almost all the principal buildings and 700,000
houses fell victim to the worst tremor to date. A similar inferno with
more than 80,000 dead was the result of an American air attack in 1945.
The sheer level of energy is
the most striking aspect of Japan's capital city. Tokyo is a place where
the urgent rhythms of consumer culture collide with the quieter moments
that linger from older traditions. It's hectic madness leavened by the
most Zenic of calms. While it's true the exciting vibe has a somewhat depressing
flip side - shoebox housing estates and office blocks traversed by overhead
expressways crowded with traffic - Tokyo remains a glittering example of
the 'miracle' of post-WWII Japan.
The history of the city
of Tokyo stretches back some 400 years. Originally named Edo, the city
started to flourish after Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa Shogunate
here in 1603. As the center of politics and culture in Japan, Edo grew
into a huge city with a population of over a million by the mid-eighteenth
century. Throughout this time, the Emperor resided in Kyoto, which was
the formal capital of the nation. The Edo Period lasted for nearly 260
years until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when the Tokugawa Shogunate
ended and imperial rule was restored. The Emperor moved to Edo, which was
renamed Tokyo. Thus, Tokyo became the capital of Japan.
Tokyo's rise to importance can
be largely attributed to two men: Tokugawa Ieyasu and Emperor Meiji. In
1603, after unifying the warring states of Japan, Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu
founded Edo (now Tokyo) his base. As a result, the city developed rapidly
and grew to become one of the largest cities in the world with a population
topping one million by the 18th century. It became the de facto capital
of Japan even while the emperor lived in Kyoto, the imperial capital.
After about 263 years, the
shogunate was overthrown under the banner of restoring imperial rule. In
1869, the figurehead 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, which was
renamed "Tokyo" ("Eastern Capital") the year before. Tokyo was already
the nation's political, economic, and cultural center, and the emperor's
residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well with the former Edo
Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was established,
and continued to be the capital until it was abolished as a municipality
in 1943 and merged with the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo.
Tokyo is known for its many
museums. Located in Ueno Park are the Tokyo National Museum, the country's
largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National
Museum of Western Art; and the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum, which contains
collections of Japanese modern art as well as over 10,000 Japanese and
foreign films. Ueno Park also contains the National Museum of Science and
the municipal zoo. Other museums include the Nezu Art Museum in Aoyama;
the Edo-Tokyo Museum in the Sumida Ward across the Sumida River from the
center of Tokyo; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and
the National Museum of Modern Art which are located near the Imperial Palace.
The weather throughout the four
main islands that make up Japan is generally temperate, with four distinct
seasons. The weather can get very hot during the summer months, particularly
in the South. May, June and July are the wettest months, and June, July
and August are hotter and more humid. In the south winters are cool but
sunny, but as one moves further north temperatures drop and snow falls.
The island of Hokkaido in the far north of Japan is bitterly cold in the
winter, with snow guaranteed.
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